The Simplified Spelling Board was an American organization created in 1906 to reform the spelling of the English language, making it simpler and easier to learn, and eliminating many of what were considered to be its inconsistencies. Although this is still largely debated. The board operated until 1920, the year after the death of its founding benefactor, who had come to criticize the progress and approach of the organization.
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The Simplified Spelling Board was announced on March 11, 1906, with Andrew Carnegie funding the organization, to be headquartered in New York City. The New York Times noted that Carnegie was convinced that "English might be made the world language of the future" and an influence leading to universal peace, but that this role was obstructed by its "contradictory and difficult spelling".[1] Carnegie committed $15,000 (1906 dollars - over $350,000 in 2010 dollars[2]) per year for five years to get the organization off the ground.[3]
The initial 30 members of the Board consisted of authors, professors and dictionary editors, among them Supreme Court Justice David Josiah Brewer, President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University, Dr. Melvil Dewey (inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification), Dr. Isaac K. Funk (editor of The Standard Dictionary), former United States Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage, United States Commissioner of Education William Torrey Harris (and editor-in-chief of the 1909 Webster's New International Dictionary), publishing magnate Henry Holt, professor Calvin Thomas, and author Mark Twain.[1] Offices were obtained at the Metropolitan Life Building at 1 Madison Avenue, and Brander Matthews was selected as the board's chairman.[3]
Charles E. Sprague of the Union Dime Savings Institution, the board's first treasurer, noted that the group was careful to keep the word "reform" out of its name and gave the word "believe" as an example of a word that would benefit from elimination of its unneeded "i", stating that "If believe were spelled 'beleve', I think it would be a good change." Although many consider this change to be phonetically incorrect and a prime example of oversimplification leading to difficulties in logical pronunciation patterns. [4]
On March 13, 1906, The New York Times editorialized in support of the Simplified Spelling Board's efforts, noting that 90% of English words are "fairly well spelled", but that "a vast improvement could be effected by reducing to some sort of regularity the much-used tenth that makes most of the trouble".[5] An editorial in the following day's edition noted that opponents of the board's efforts had suggested that the language be kept as is, only taught better, but that the members of the board would respect the language's history in its improvement efforts without hiding or distorting it.[6] Brander Matthews, the board's chairman, emphasized that the board's primary mission in simplifying the language was to eliminate unneeded letters, noting that "[s]implification by omission - this is its platform; this is its motto".[7] Isaac Funk wrote to The Times on March 20, 1906, emphasizing that the board's first aim was "a conservatively progressive evolution, aiming chiefly at the dropping of silent letters", accelerating a process that had been going on for centuries. This would be followed by the use of a phonetic alphabet developed by the American Philological Association and including the 40 basic sounds used in English. Phonetics would be taught to children in nursery school or kindergarten.[8]
The board's initial list of 300 words was published on April 1, 1906. Much of the list included words ending with -ed changed to end -t ("addressed", "caressed", "missed", "possessed" and "wished", becoming "addresst", "carest", "mist", "possest" and "wisht", respectively). Other changes included removal of silent letters ("catalogue" to "catalog"), changing -re endings to -er ("calibre" and "sabre" to "caliber" and "saber"), changing "ough" to "o" to represent the long vowel sound in the new words altho, tho and thoro, and changes to represent the "z" sound with that letter, where "s" had been used ("brasen" and "surprise" becoming "brazen" and "surprize").[9] Digraphs would also be eliminated, with the board promoting anemia, anesthesia, archeology, encyclopedia and orthopedic.
The board noted that the majority of the words in their list were already preferred by three current dictionaries: Webster's (more than half), the Century (60%) and the Standard (two-thirds). In June 1906, the board prepared a list of the 300 words designed for teachers, lecturers and writers, which was sent out upon request.[10]
In June 1906, the New York City Board of Education received a report from the Board of Superintendents recommending adoption of the 300-word list, and would pass on the recommendation to the Committee on Studies and Textbooks for approval.[11]
In August 1906, President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt had supported the plan, signing an executive order at his home in Oyster Bay, New York, mandating the use of reformed spelling in his official communications and messages to Congress.[12] Prof. Matthews stated that he had received no advance notice of the President's order and had been taken by surprise when it was issued.[13]
Roosevelt tried to force the federal government to adopt the system, sending an order to the Public Printer to use the system in all public federal documents. The order was obeyed; among the many documents printed using the system was the President's special message regarding the Panama Canal.[14]
The New York Times noted that the New York State Commissioner of Education thought the state would not support the board's proposal as "he did not believe that the State educational department should tell the people how they must spell". By August 1906, The board reported that over 5,000 individuals had pledged to use the words on the initial list, with another 500 to 600 agreeing to use some of the words, but objecting to others.[3]
The press on both sides of the Atlantic had a field day with the "reform spelling crusade", and editorials and cartoons abounded. While the London press viciously mocked the executive order, the board received a significant spike in interest in the word list following Roosevelt's edict.[15]
In response to mounting criticism from British newspapers, the board announced the additions of James Murray, the Scottish lexicographer and primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, along with Joseph Wright, an Oxford University professor of comparative philology and editor of the English Dialect Dictionary. Combined with the earlier naming of Walter William Skeat, editor of the Etymological English Dictionary, the board could claim it had the three top English language dictionaries from both the United States and United Kingdom on its side.[13]
The Supreme Court entered the fray and directed that its opinions should be printed in the old style.
Finally, Congress had the last word when Representative Charles B. Landis of Indiana, Chairman of the House Committee on Printing, introduced a resolution on December 13, 1906: "Resolved, That it is the sense of the House that hereafter in the printing of House documents or other publications used by law or ordered by Congress, or either branch thereof, or emanating from any executive department or bureau of the Government, the House printer should observe and adhere to the standard of orthography prescribed in generally accepted dictionaries of the English language." The motion passed unanimously. The President let the Public Printer and the Nation know that the old style was reinstated.[16]
Roosevelt ultimately decided to rescind the order. Brander Matthews, a friend of Roosevelt and one of the chief advocates of the reform as chairman of the Simplified Spelling Board, remonstrated with him for abandoning the effort. Roosevelt replied on December 16, 1906: "I could not by fighting have kept the new spelling in, and it was evidently worse than useless to go into an undignified contest when I was beaten. Do you know that the one word as to which I thought the new spelling was wrong — thru — was more responsible than anything else for our discomfiture?" Next summer Roosevelt was watching a naval review when a press boat marked "Pres Bot" chugged ostentatiously by. The President waved and laughed with delight.[14][17]
Andrew Carnegie, the founding and major benefactor of the board, disagreed with its chosen approach of proscribing recommended changes. Rather, Carnegie believed that the board would be more productive by encouraging grass-roots changes. His beliefs are contained in a statement given to an editor of The Times: "Amended spellings can only be submitted for general acceptance. It is the people who decide what is to be adopted or rejected."[18] For their part, some members of the board believed that Carnegie was too meddlesome in its business.
Signs of a break with the board were apparent as early as 16 January 1915. Carnegie received a letter from Matthews, which included a list of daily newspapers that had adopted the reformed spellings. Carnegie was not impressed. In reply, Carnegie wrote, "Please note, not one Eastern paper. I see no change in New York and I am getting very tired indeed, of sinking twenty-five thousand dollars a year for nothing here in the East."[19] Carnegie was further irritated to learn that his own trusts' annual financial reports were seen to be taking "a step backwards in reference to spelling."
One month later, on 25 February 1915, Carnegie penned a letter to Holt, the president of the board. In this letter, Carnegie wrote that "A more useless body of men never came into association, judging from the effects they produce. [...] Instead of taking twelve words and urging their adoption, they undertook radical changes from the start and these they can never make...." Using spelling that demonstrated his own continuing attachment to certain reforms, Carnegie added, "I think I hav been patient long enuf... I hav much better use for twenty thousand dollars a year."[19]
It was always a condition that Carnegie's dollars had to be matched by results, and at his death in November 1919, his will contained no provision for the Simplified Spelling Board. Without that source of funds (a total of $283,000 over the 14 years), the board's operations ceased in 1920, in which year it published its Handbook of Simplified Spelling.
In 1920, the SSB published a Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in reformed spelling.[20]
Part 1 is a brief outline of the history of English spelling and the attempts to reform it up until 1920. Part 2 presents the arguments in favor of reform and replies to the objections that are commonly made. Part 3 contains the SSB's proposed rules for simplified spelling and a list of the words that would be changed by them.
The handbook repeated and explained the SSB's plan of "gradual" rather than "sudden" reform. It noted that all past spelling changes had come into use gradually—"so gradually, in fact, that at all times (as today) ther hav been, and ar, many words speld in more than one way on equal authority of good usage". It also noted that most reformed spellings now in general use were originally the overt act of a lone writer, who was followed at first by a small minority. Thus, it encouraged people to "point the way" and "set the example" by using the reformed spellings whenever they can. The handbook used and set forth the following rules:
| Rule | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| AE (Æ) and OE (Œ) pronounced /ɛ/ | use E | aesthetic→esthetic, foetus→fetus, alumnae (unchanged) |
| BT pronounced /t/ | use T | debt→det, doubt→dout |
| –CEED | use –CEDE | exceed→excede, proceed→procede |
| CH pronounced /k/ | drop silent H except before E, I, Y |
character→caracter, school→scool chemist, architect, monarchy (unchanged) |
| final double consonant | drop the last letter, but with –LL only after a short vowel, and with –SS only in monosyllables |
add→ad, bill→bil, bluff→bluf, doll→dol, egg→eg, glass→glas, loss→los But retain double consonant in all, roll, needless, a.s.f. |
| double consonant before silent –E | drop the last two letters | bagatelle→bagatel, bizarre→bizar, cigarette→cigaret, giraffe→giraf, gramme→gram |
| silent or misleading –E | drop the E | are→ar, give→giv, have→hav, were→wer, gone→gon, examine→examin, practise→practis, definite→definit, active→activ, involve→involv, serve→serv, achieve→achiev, leave→leav, freeze→freez, gauze→gauz |
| EA pronounced /ɛ/ | use E | head→hed |
| EA pronounced /ɑ/ | use A | heart→hart |
| EAU and EAUX pronounced /əʊ/ | use O | bureau→buro |
| –ED pronounced /d/ | use –D, reduce any foregoing doubled consonant to a single letter |
answered→anserd, called→cald, carried→carrid, preferred→preferd, wronged→wrongd. Do not make this change if the spelling suggests an incorrect pronunciation: bribed not bribd; used not usd, a.s.f. |
| –ED pronounced /t/ | use –T, reduce any foregoing doubled consonant to a single letter, change CED/SCED to ST |
asked→askt, advanced→advanst. Do not make this change if the spelling suggests an incorrect pronunciation: baked not bakt; hoped not hopt, a.s.f. |
| EI pronounced /iː/ | use IE | conceit→conciet, deceive→deciev |
| –EY pronounced /iː/ | use –Y | chimney→chimny, money→mony |
| GH pronounced /f/ | use F, drop the silent letter in the foregoing digraph |
cough→cof, laugh→laf, enough→enuf |
| GH pronounced /g/ | use G | aghast→agast, ghost→gost |
| –GM pronounced /m/ | use M | apothegm→apothem, paradigm→paradim |
| –GUE after a consonant, a short vowel or a digraph representing a long vowel or diphthong | drop silent –UE | catalogue→catalog, league→leag, tongue→tung But not in rogue, vague, a.s.f. |
| –ISE and –YSE pronounced /aɪz/ | use –IZE | advertise→advertize, analyse→analize, rise→rize |
| –MB after a short vowel | use M | bomb→bom, crumb→crum But not after a long vowel as in comb, tomb, a.s.f. |
| –OE pronounced /oʊ/ | drop silent E, except in inflected forms |
foe→fo, hoe→ho foes, hoed (unchanged) |
| OEU pronounced /uː/ | use U | manoeuver→manuver |
| OUL pronounced /əʊl/ | use OL, except in "soul" |
boulder→bolder, mould→mold |
| –OUGH | use O/U/OCK/UP according to pronunciation | although→altho, borough→boro, doughnut→donut, thorough→thoro, through→thru, hough→hock, hiccough→hiccup. For plough write plow, but not bow for bough. |
| –OUR pronounced /ər/ | use –OR | colour→color, flavour→flavor |
| PH pronounced /f/ | use F | alphabet→alfabet, telephone→telefone |
| –RE after any consonant except C | use –ER | centre→center, metre→meter. But retain –RE in lucre, mediocre. |
| RH– pronounced /r/ | use R | rhetoric→retoric, rhubarb→rubarb |
| RRH pronounced /r/ | use R | hemorrhage→hemorage |
| silent S between I and L | drop silent S | island→iland |
| SC– pronounced /s/ | use S | scenery→senery, scissors→sissors |
| –SQUE pronounced /sk/ | use –SK | burlesque→burlesk |
| silent U before a vowel | drop silent U | guard→gard, guess→ges, guide→gide |
| Y between consonants | use I | analysis→analisis, type→tipe |
| YOU pronounced /jʌ/ | use YU | your→yur, young→yung |
The handbook also suggested the following spelling changes, which are not covered by the above rules: acre→aker, answer→anser, beleaguer→beleager, campaign→campain, counterfeit→counterfit, delight→delite, foreign→foren, forfeit→forfit, friend→frend, masquerade→maskerade, mortgage→morgage, receipt→receit, sieve→siv, sleight→slight, sovereign→sovren, sprightly→spritely, touch→tuch, yeoman→yoman.